To understand how NUVO theory predicts a \(\lambda\) shift in light, it is crucial to understand how NUVO predicts light is created. This is discussed in Volume 2 in detail. The part needed to understand the \(\lambda\) shift is when a photon (light) is created, it encapsulates a portion of local space (local space it was created in). The \(\lambda\) shift occurs as the differential between the local space it has encapsulated and the “new” local space it is being observed in. The second part of NUVO theory dealing with the \(\lambda\) shift is photons do not have a local effect (due to acceleration) and do not cause a global effect (propagating wave of space-time distortion due to the presence of photons). The last part of NUVO theory to recall is the number line shift, which is the value of \(a\) in Figure showing the shifted line. This value represents the expansion in space-time due to the presence of a massive body. This expansion is not predicted for photons (massless objects), only for massive objects.
Taking these parts of NUVO theory and combining them, let one consider a massive, stationary, non-rotating, non-charged object such as a star. The expansion of the space-time (\(a\)) is constant as long as the star’s mass is constant. But, if the star is emitting radiation there is a conversion taking place from a massive object to a massless object. Only the massive object causes the expansion (\(a\)); thus, as the mass reduces, so does the expansion.
Consider the star (or galaxy) is emitting radiation at a constant rate. This implies the massive object generating the expansion (\(a\)) is decreasing at a constant rate proportional to the rate of radiation being emitted. If an observer at an arbitrary distance from the star is emitting a light pulse of the same wavelength, over time, an observer a far distance away (in Exemplar space) would observe the pulses having a \(\lambda\) shift proportional to the change in (\(a\)).
As (\(a\)) decreases, the pulse will have a \(\lambda\) shift to the red side (a redshift); if (\(a\)) is increasing, it will have a \(\lambda\) shift to the blue side (a blueshift). This can be compared to GR (and NUVO) for a photon traveling out of a gravity well with a redshift, and a photon traveling into a gravity well will have a blue shift. The difference is the photon is stationary, and the mass is changing (reducing or increasing).
Another implication of this scenario is if there is a pulsating light source at a fixed distance far away from the center of mass (be it a star or a galaxy), the incoming pulse will appear to have a redshift based on its distance from the center of mass. This is because the (\(a\)) value (the expansion due to the mass) is decreasing over time, causing the illusion of a distant source of light to appear to be receding (or moving away) from the observer. But in reality, it is the constant rate of emission from the mass that generates expansion in space that causes the redshift.
If a photon \(\Phi_{emit}\) is emitted at a location in space, it retains the sinertia value in space at the time and location it was created. This is represented by the NUVO transformation value at that location. Secondly, the photon is received at a location in space represented by \(\Phi_{rec}\) with the NUVO transformation value at that location. The \(\Phi\) values are:
\begin{align}
\Phi_{emit} = 1 + \frac{G (M + \Delta m)}{r c^2} \
\Phi_{rec} = 1 + \frac{G M}{r c^2}
\end{align}
Where \(\Delta m\) represents the change in mass of the massive body \(M\) from the time of the emission to the time of the reception of the photon. \(\Delta m\) value can be positive or negative. In the case of mass \(M\) emitting radiation, it will be negative if the observer is closer to the center of mass than the emission or positive if the observer is more distant from the center of mass than the emission.
The $\lambda$ change ratio is
\begin{equation}
\frac{\Delta \lambda}{\lambda} = \frac{\lambda_{rec}-\lambda_{emit}}{\lambda{emit}}
\end{equation}
Transforming each of these to Exemplar space, the transformation takes the form of
\begin{equation}
\frac{\Phi_{emit}-\Phi_{rec}}{\Phi_{rec}}
\end{equation}
Then, looking at the ratio of \(\frac{\Phi_{emit}}{\Phi_{rec}}\) the following is deducted:
\begin{align}
\text{If } \frac{\Phi_{emit}}{\Phi_{rec}} &= 1 \text{ no shift, }
\text{ If } \frac{\Phi_{emit}}{\Phi_{rec}} &> 1 \text{ redshift, }
\text{ If } \frac{\Phi_{emit}}{\Phi_{rec}} &< 1 \text{ blueshift, }
\end{align}
Using the Doppler shift equation, the velocity of the emission relative to the observer is
\begin{equation}
\left ( \frac{\Phi_{emit}}{\Phi_{rec}} – 1 \right) c = v
\end{equation}
In summary, NUVO predicts there is a redshift of incoming photons (from far outside a galaxy) based on the time of emission (which can also be based on distance since light travels at a constant speed). This redshift will give the illusion of the emitting objects receding from the observer. But in reality, it is the decrease in the mass of the observer (due to the emission of radiation) that causes the redshift.